Use of Wireless Networks
Wireless networks are elements of information technology designed to transfer data between a receiver and a sender over long or short distances without the use of wires. Different technologies can be used to transmit data.
For example, radio waves, optical, infrared, and laser systems. Below we will consider what a wireless network is, what types exist, and what are their features. We will also briefly analyze the principles of configuration and connection.
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Further,
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Personal wireless networks
Various devices, communication means are interconnected and also carry out their switching with networks of a higher level. The range is from several tens of centimeters to several meters.
Wireless personal area networks include:
IrDA – Infrared Data Association
Protocols for transferring information over an optical communication line using light waves that have an infrared range (infrared port). Used in control panels.
In addition, short-range, data transmission only with a direct line of sight of the receiving and transmitting devices makes IR-ports unsuitable for smartphones, laptops, and other computing equipment.
Bluetooth
Specification of personal wireless networks with a short-range (up to 200 meters) in a license-free frequency range. The FHSS algorithm, which is the basis of Bluetooth, provides a pseudo-random frequency hopping 1600 times/sec.
The sequence of switching the latter is known only to the receiver and transmitter, which act as elements of the same network, synchronously switching operating frequencies. For a different pair of transceivers, the switching sequence will be different.
Thanks to this approach, simultaneous operation of several pairs of devices in coinciding information transmission spaces is possible.
UWB – Ultra-Wide Band
It is used for short distances (about 10 meters). UWB uses the widest frequency range for commercial communications devices, allowing high transmission rates to be achieved, which, however, decrease rapidly with increasing range.
Wireless USB
Wireless USB replaces wired USB, allowing a personal computer to interact with peripheral equipment and exchange data at high speeds over very short distances. Operates at speeds up to 180 megabits/sec at distances up to 10 meters.
Wireless HD
Designed to transmit HD video, but also used for wireless communication. The theoretical throughput is a maximum of 28 Gbps at a distance of up to 10 meters. Requires line of sight between transceivers.
WiGig
It operates in an unlicensed 60 GHz frequency band, data transmission is carried out at a speed of up to 7 Gbps at a distance of up to 10 meters. The technology is backward compatible with Wi-Fi, uses a narrow-band transmission of a signal in the line-of-sight between transmitting and receiving devices, and in its absence, it provides for the possibility of transmitting data at low (2.4 and 5 GHz) frequencies.
HD – Wireless Home Digital Interface (Amimon)
Aims at high-speed data transmission and is optimized for broadcasting high-definition video. The used frequency range is 5 GHz, which gives a speed of 3 Gbps. Dedicated encoding technology “video-modem” guarantees protection against interference and data transmission errors, and therefore high-quality video.
LibertyLink
It is carried out through the effect of magnetic induction. A magnetic field created by using a Gaussian bias is generated around the transmitter. The receiver located in a magnetic field is sensitive to its modulations, as a result of which an induced current appears.
The change in the strength of the latter in the receiver is converted into data, the transmission of which occurs at a speed of up to 200 MB / s for a distance of up to 3 meters.
DECT-GAP
An advanced digital wireless telephony system for modern cordless telephones. Data is transmitted using multi-carrier and time-division multiple access. The channel is divided into 10 m / s frames, and each frame is divided into 24 slots, which are used for receiving (12 slots) and transmitting (12 slots) data.
The use of DECT-GAP provides high-quality voice transmission, high noise immunity, protection from eavesdropping, and safety at a low radiation level.
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Wireless sensor networks
They are represented by a variety of sensors, actuators, interconnected via a radio channel. The distance of communication depends on the strength of the signal, and the bandwidth decreases with increasing distance.
DASH7
Operates at 433 MHz in the unlicensed band. When transmitting data over a distance of 2 km, the speed reaches 200 Kb / s.
Z-Wave
Designed to control various devices responsible for lighting, heating in various types of premises. Data transmission is carried out at a distance of up to 30 meters at a speed of 9 Kbps or 40 Kbps with a line of sight. Each node or device in the network can relay information to other elements of the system, and in the event of obstacles, the signal will also be automatically transmitted via an alternative path (through other nodes).
Insteon
A combined network (partly wireless, partly wired), which uses a 902-924 MHz radio signal to transmit data, transmitting a signal over a distance of up to 45 meters at a speed of 180 bit / s in line-of-sight conditions. In addition, the wiring of the building is the wiring part. Furthermore, the combined network guarantees high noise immunity and reliability.
EnOcean
It is based on the use of ultra-miniature sensors equipped with energy generators, transceivers, microcontrollers, which ensures autonomy, duration of the operation. As a result, the data transfer rate is 120 Kbps, the distance is up to 300 meters with a line of sight (less indoors).
Furthermore, each network element has its own identification number and exchange protocol that eliminates interference between neighboring sensors. Moreover, this approach allows up to 4 billion devices to be installed close to each other without two-way interference.
ISA100.11a
Data transmission is carried out through low-speed wireless communication using elements that have low power consumption. In addition, ISA100.11a technology is focused on industrial applications, capable of emulating protocols of existing, proven sensor networks with its own means. Furthermore, information exchange occurs at a frequency of 2.4 GHz with a speed of about 250 Kbps.
WirelessHART
A wireless communication protocol for interacting with field sensors based on an extensible set of simple request-response commands. That are transmitted over a second wireline in digital format. Moreover, the broadcast is carried out at a speed of up to 200 Kbps with a line of sight at a distance of up to 200 meters at a frequency of 2.4 GHz.
MiWi
A protocol with a low data transfer rate over short distances, created for the organization of personal wireless networks. Furthermore, such a MiWi network can contain up to 1024 nodes under the control of coordinators (up to 8). Each of them can negotiate a maximum of 127 nodes. Data is transmitted at 2.4 GHz frequencies with a speed not exceeding 250 Kb / s.
6LoWPAN
A standard that associates small wireless networks (for example, private) with IP networks over IPv6. In addition, the transmission of data according to the 6LoWPAN standard implies operation at frequencies of the sub-gigahertz range, the transmission speed is 50-200 Kbit / s for a distance of up to 800 m.
One-Net
Carries out the organization of networks, including up to 4096 nodes, equipped with several repeaters, coordinators, which increase the range of data transmission, up to 100 meters indoors and 500 – in open areas at a speed of 28.4-230 Kbit / s.
Waves
Differs in low energy consumption by transceiver equipment, providing long-term autonomous operation (up to 15 years), is used to organize sensor networks, personal networks. Furthermore, the broadcast is carried out at 433/915/868 megahertz, the transmission distance is up to 1 km in open space, a maximum of 200 meters indoors at a speed not exceeding 100 Kbps.
RuBee
It is used as a network of sensors for non-specific purposes requiring a long-term autonomous operation, secure reliable communication. Data is transmitted using 131 kHz magnetic waves. Which provides a speed of no more than 1200 bps at distances from 1 to 30 m.
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Small local wireless networks
These include the following types:
HiperLAN – High-Performance Radio LAN
There are 2 types of standards: HiperLAN 1 and HiperLAN 2. The first characterizes a slower communication line, where the data transfer rate does not exceed 10 Mbps at a distance of up to 50 meters. Furthermore, the second type uses a broadband 5 GHz signal for broadcasting, providing a speed of 54 megabits / s at a distance of up to 150 m.
Wi-Fi
Organizes local wireless networks to provide the wireless Internet connection. In addition, depending on the standard, the Wi-Fi operating frequency range is 2.4 or 5 GHz, the data transmission speed is from 2 megabits/sec at a distance of up to 200 meters.
Zigbee
Moreover, provides low power consumption by transmitting data on an unlicensed 2.4 GHz frequency (may differ for different countries). In addition, at a speed not exceeding 250 Kb / s, the maximum distance is 75 meters (line of sight).
Supports both simple topologies (star, point-to-point) and complex networks with automatic routing, relaying, allowing information to be transmitted between two nodes without direct visibility between them (through a chain of other network nodes).
RONJA – Reasonable Optical Near Joint Access
Data transmission via RONJA is carried out via an optical channel. In addition, it is used to create full-duplex point-to-point connections via Ethernet at a speed of up to 10 megabits / s for a distance not exceeding 1.4 km (line of sight to subscribers). Data transmission failures can occur in bad weather conditions due to a drop in communication speed.
